Building a Universal Design Dream Home

A primer for building human-centered homes

By Rosemarie Rossetti, PhD

When my husband Mark and I, newly wed in 1995, were building our two-story “dream home,” we carefully considered the design, even to the point of making doors wide enough for a person in a wheelchair in case one of our aging relatives had to temporarily live with us. We thought this would be our retirement home. Boy, were we wrong!

On June 13, 1998, everything changed. While I was biking with Mark on that beautiful spring day, a three and half ton tree suddenly collapsed on top of me, crushing me, and leaving me paralyzed from the waist down.

Living with a spinal cord injury, I discovered, comes with many obstacles-not the least of which was getting into and around my own home in a manual wheelchair. A very steep wooden ramp had to be built just to get me inside my house. Doors had to be removed in the bathroom, laundry room, and shower because they obstructed my wheelchair. The kitchen, where I was primary cook, had to be changed—dishes, glasses, pots, and pans moved to lower shelves, Lazy Susans placed in the pantry, and full extension drawers installed in the lower cabinets.

It has been seven years since my injury and we have learned to live in our house with many adaptations (including a lift to replace the steep ramp). Presently, however, we are planning to build a home that would better accommodate both of us.

Universal Design

I first became aware of universal design (UD) while reading a magazine piece about a home built on UD principles for a woman wheelchair user. I saw hope for my future. A legacy of the earliest accessibility movement of the 1950s and the disability rights access- for-all movement of the 1970s, UD is a framework for making products and spaces usable to the widest range of people in the widest range of situations without special or separate design.

Our research on UD included trips to the library, Internet searches, speaking with other wheelchair users, and a visit with Bev Rackett, our local independent living center director. We visited homes built by wheelchair users. We took photographs and interviewed the homeowners. We took extensive notes on which features limited accessibility for the owners and which features worked well.

Often, we found, homeowners were forced to settle for less than ideal living conditions. One two- story home we visited had no elevator, so the home owner, who used a wheelchair, did not have access to his basement or second floor. I found many instances where homeowners could not roll close enough to their bathroom and kitchen sinks for lack of knee space. One woman was unable to rinse her dishes and put them in the dishwasher because, at the sink, her wheelchair blocked the dishwasher door.

What I have learned from seeing others’ homes and working with the UD professionals is that there are many home features that permit people of all ages, sizes, and various levels of abilities to live more fully in their homes. I developed a critical eye as I traveled from house to house and evaluated the various versions of my home floor plan.

Some of the key features that should be evaluated in UD construction or remodeling include:

• The grade of any ramp used to get into the home
• Height of door thresholds
• Ease of rolling on the floors
• Heights of all countertops
• Ability to reach upper cabinets
• Ease of opening windows
• Ability to transfer into a curbless shower
• Ability to safely use every appliance in the kitchen and laundry room
• Width of all doors and hallways
• Ability to roll under all sinks
• Full extension drawers in kitchen and bath cabinets
• Ease of transfer and privacy in toilet areas
• Elevator in multiple story homes.

“An Interesting Design Challenge”

While looking for a suitable builder for our project, we discovered just how novel UD is in the world of residential construction. Of all the model homes we visited, not one was wheelchair accessible. As we looked at the ranch-style floor plans that each builder had to offer, we became discouraged because, usually, only one ranch-style floor plan was available and none of these met our needs.

One building company, C.V. Perry in Columbus, Ohio, told us we could modify their existing floor plan by erasing all the interior walls and redrawing a new floor plan within the original house footprint. As Mark and I approached this task alone we quickly became overwhelmed and hired architect Patrick Manley. After a few months of trying to “shoe horn” our space needs into the builder’s existing footprint, we realized we were spinning our wheels. The only logical solution would be to create our own unique floor plan.

Meanwhile, we continued to research. One book I read was Universal Kitchen and Bathroom Planning by Mary Jo Peterson. I realized that we needed to involve Peterson in this project. I sent her an e-mail, and in January 2005, I finally met her in Orlando, Florida, where she was delivering a presentation on UD for the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) International Builders’ Show.

“You two pose an interesting design challenge,” Peterson said. “This home creates the perfect opportunity to showcase UD principles.”

With Mark’s height of 6’4″, and my seated height at 4’2″, we present a design dilemma for positioning countertops, mirrors, sinks, cooktop, and cabinets. In order to properly position these items, Peterson needed our height and reach measurements. She introduced us to the latest in hardware, cabinets, appliances, and technology that further improved accessibility.

In Orlando, Mark and I evaluated products at the exhibition based on their accessibility, ease-of-use, independence-of-use, ease-of-maintenance, safety, energy efficiency, healthfulness, use of renewable resources, and decorator style. We also had our floor plan reviewed by architects and UD specialists. We attended several seminars on UD, immersing ourselves in the subject matter. When we returned home, Mark created a computer database of products we were considering for the home, which we shared with C.V. Perry employees, Manley, and Peterson.

Our home is slated to begin construction this spring. Upon completion in late Fall 2006, it will serve as a national demonstration home and Universal Design Living Laboratory. The landscape will be wheelchair accessible and include raised beds and containers in the gardens. The home will showcase the latest products and technology supporting the principles, not only of UD, but also of green building (which optimizes use of natural resources including energy and water) and healthy home construction (which aims to increase the quality of air and water in the home).

From my perspective, UD is emerging into the mainstream market. There is a common misconception that UD is a way to comply with the Americans with Disability Act Accessibility Guidelines. UD, however, is not just for people with disabilities or people who are elderly. UD is human-centered design. It can alleviate many of the housing problems that wheelchair users have been facing for years. These homes need not look geriatric or hospital-like. They can be homey, spacious, and welcoming for all.

Rosemarie Rossetti, PhD is a speaker and writer. To subscribe to her free monthly inspirational column, go to: www.RosemarieSpeaks.com. To learn more about the Universal Design Living Laboratory, go to: www.UDLL.com.

Here are some universal design solutions. We plan to incorporate many into our new home.

• A step-free entrance on a gradual, level grade with no conspicuous ramps.
• Doors without thresholds, and wide enough-at least 36 inches-for a wheelchair or walker.
• Hallways at least 46 inches wide.
• Lever handles on doors and faucets.
• Kitchen counters of various heights, including some that can be used by a person in a wheelchair.
• A shallow kitchen sink with a side-mounted faucet and rear drain.
• Open knee space under all sinks.
• Adjustable height kitchen cabinets above counters.
• A cooktop set into a counter with open knee space.
• Sliding casement windows.
• An elevator, wheelchair platform lift or stair lift on wide stairs.
• Light switches no higher than 36 inches above the floor.
• Electrical outlets at least 25 inches above the floor.
• A large, full bathroom on the first floor with integrated, decorative grab bars.
• Large bathtubs and showers with plenty of grab bars.
• Curbless shower with transfer bench
• A slide-bar showerhead and/or multiple-height showerheads.
• A first-floor bedroom or bedroom suite.
• Wood flooring, non-slip tile and dense-weave carpet with a low (less than one-half inch) pile.
• Adjustable hanging closet rods and shelves.

The Universal Design Center at North Carolina State University: www.design.ncsu.edu/cud/

The Universal Design Alliance www.universaldesign.org/

AARP www.aarp.org/families/home_design/

Adaptive Environments www.adaptenv.org/

Universal Designed “Smart” Homes for the 21st Century by Charles Schwab www.UniversalDesignOnline.com

Universal Kitchen and Bathroom Planning by Mary Jo Peterson www.mjpdesign.com

The Accessible Housing Design File by Barrier Free Environments, Inc.

Building for a Lifetime: The Design and Construction of Fully Accessible Homes by Margaret Wylde, Adrian Baron-Robbins and Sam Clark

Beautiful Universal Design-A Visual Guide by Cynthia Leibrock and James Evan Terry

Elder Design: Designing and Furnishing a Home for Your Later Years by Rosemary Bakker